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Accessibility by Design

Accessibility by Design Tables

Getting Started with Tables

The Priority Tasks below are based on the emerging and developing steps of the Electronic Accessibility Rubric. Completing the Priority Tasks will help you meet the universal design goal for tables. Using the rubric helps to prioritize the easiest steps and those that will have the most impact.

The Advanced Tasks are necessary to make a table fully accessible, but we advise mastering the priority tasks first.

Priority Tasks

Designate a Header Row

Tutorials are available for adding a header row in specific software:

Consolidate Header Rows

One problem you may run into is that there are multiple rows with header information in a table. In this example, there are three header rows with several merged cells. We need to simplify the information so that there’s only one header row.

Table with three header rows and one merged cell

The first step is to consolidate necessary header information into one row. There’s an extra row of merged cells just for “percent production.” This refers to the four cells beneath it, coal, petroleum, natural gas and other. If we add “percent production” into each cell of the next row, we can eliminate the extra row and also the merged cells.

Arrows indicating merging the information of two table header rows into one.

Now the table has only two header rows, but it hasn’t lost any of the information from the original table:

Table with two header rows instead of three. Merged cells are gone.

Move Title Information Out

Often, titles are included inside a table. However, these shouldn’t be part of the table itself.

In our example table, the first row is a single merged cell with the text “Table 3. Energy production by major source from 1960 to 1980.” This is clearly the title of the table. By moving it to a heading outside of the table, we can eliminate an extra row as well as merged cells.

Arrows indicate moving the top merged row out of the table to a heading above.

Now that the title has been removed, our table only has one header row. This table is much simpler and easier to read for everyone, including screen reader users:

Good example of a table with only one header row and a title above it.

Advanced Tasks

Remove Nondata

  • Tables are for presenting data. Any explanation of the table or extra details should be explained in the surrounding text, not within the table itself.
  • Move any text that is not data or header information outside of the table into a caption or table description.

Unmerge Cells

Merged cells usually exist for visual appearance, but they create confusion for screen reader users.

  • Repeat information in cells if necessary.
  • Leaving cells blank is not ideal for accessibility, but is better than merged cells.

Split into Multiple Tables

Splitting a table can eliminate merged cells, extra titles and other content that is not truly part of the table data.

To know where a table may be split, look for:

  • Blank rows
  • Extra title rows in the middle of the table
  • Rows with merged cells in the middle of the table

Move Remaining Extra Content

  • Move any remaining content of merged cells outside the table

Use These Concepts with Tables

Long Description
Table Header Row